What is Phonics?

Phonics is a method for teaching the sounds and spelling patterns of the English language and is taught every day, and throughout the day, at school.

• It is the knowledge of letters and the sounds they make.
• It gives us the skills of blending these sounds together to read words.
• Through it we learn the skills of segmenting the sounds in a word and choosing the correct letters needed to spell it.
• Phonics is the step up to word recognition. To be able to automatically read all words, both decodable and tricky ones, is the ultimate goal for all our children.

How is Phonics taught?

We have a systematic approach to the teaching of phonics at Kingsacre which engages children in a fun and memorable manner. We use a DfE resource called Letters and Sounds, which provides the basis for clear, systematic teaching of the sounds (phonemes) and spelling patterns (graphemes) to support the children’s development in phonics. This introduced to our children in Pre-School with Phase 1 and is then consistently built upon throughout EYFS and Year 1. This will be continued into Year 2 and Key Stage 2 if required.

Decision Spelling - a dyslexia friendly spelling approach - is taught in Year 2 and KS 2. Children are taught in their own classes with some working in smaller groups to enable them to access the support which the need. Children are assessed regularly and groupings are altered accordingly if necessary.

The 6 Phonic Phases

There are 44 phonemes (sounds) that the children learn throughout the Letters and Sounds Programme.

Correct pronunciation of phonemes is very important in helping children read and spell correctly. At Kingsacre, we hold parent information sessions to ensure that parents are aware and are using this correct pronunciation. We are also happy to offer support at other times -please just ask!

The pronunciation of the consonant phonemes can be grouped:

1. f  l  m  n  r  s  z  v  sh  th (continuous)
2. c  p  t  ch  h (short, soft)
3. b  d  g  w  qu  y  j (short)

As the 44 phonemes are, unfortunately, not spelt in just one way, the children are gradually introduced to more alternative spellings as they progress through the Letters and Sounds Programme.

High Frequency Words (HFWs)
These are common words that are useful for children to learn to read and spell. As children progress through the phases of Letters and Sounds, they are introduced to sets of HFWs.
Some words are decodable which children can blend to read e.g. then.

Some are tricky words e.g. said, which are not phonically decodable and are learned by sight.

Phase 1

Children explore sounds and words and develop an awareness of rhyme, rhythm and alliteration.

These are on-going skills and it is very important that children are exposed to a rich variety of language from an early age. This can be through conversation, nursery rhymes, stories, and games.

In Pre-school, the children can take home a nursery rhyme a week with resources to help them act out and remember the rhyme.

Phase 2

Children are introduced to at least 19 letters and corresponding sounds.

• Set 1 - s  a  t  p
• Set 2 - i  n  m  d
• Set 3 - g  o  c  k
• Set 4 - ck  e  u  r
• Set 5 - h  b  f  ff  l  ll  ss

They begin to read and spell simple three-letter consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words e.g. sat, pin. They also begin to read High Frequency words e.g. to, go and the.

Phase 3

Children learn one grapheme (how a phoneme is written) for a further 25 phonemes. These include consonant and vowel digraphs (e.g. ch, ng, ai, oa) and trigraphs (e.g. igh, air). They read and spell HFWs.

Throughout Phases 3, 4 and 5 children will also be using pseudo or ‘alien’ words. This is good practise for segmenting and blending sounds and will prepare Year 1 children for the phonics screening.

Graphemes: ear  air  ure  er  ar  or  ur  ow  oi  ai  ee  igh  oa  oo

Consonant digraphs: ch  sh  th  ng

Letter Progression:

• Set 6 -  j  v  w  x
• Set 7 - y  z  zz  qu

Phase 4

Children read and spell words containing consonant clusters. These are 2 or more consonants, but when put together, each can be heard as individual phonemes e.g. cl dr sk mp nd. Words containing these are known as CCVC and CVCC words. e.g. black, strip, chest).
 
Towards the end of Phase 4, they will also begin to work with compound words such as lunchbox, pondweed and handstand.

Phase 5

Children entering Phase 5 will already be able to read and spell words with adjacent consonants, such as trap, string and flask. They will also be able to read and spell some polysyllabic words (words with more than one syllable).
 
The purpose of this phase is for children to broaden their knowledge of graphemes and phonemes for use in reading and spelling.
 
In Phase 5, children will learn alternative graphemes and phonemes. For example, they already know ai as in rain, but now they will be introduced to ay as in day and a-e as in make.
         
Alternative pronunciations for graphemes will also be introduced, e.g. ea in sea, bread and break.

Graphemes:
ay, ou, ie, ea, oy, ir, ue, aw, wh, ph, ew, oe, au, a-e, e-e, i-e, o-e, u-e.
Alternative graphemes for:
i, o, c, g, u, ow, ie, ea, er, a, y, ch, ou

Phase 6

Phase 6 and beyond

Children should now be able to read hundreds of words, doing this in four ways:

• Reading the words automatically if they are very familiar;
• Decoding them quickly and silently because their sounding and blending routine is now well established;
• Decoding them aloud.
• The shift from learning to read to reading to learn takes place and children read for information and for pleasure.

Strategies for learning spellings

• Syllables - break it into smaller bits to remember (e.g. Sep-tem-ber)
• Root words - find its base word (e.g. Smiling = smile +ing,
• Analogy - Use words that I already know to help (e.g. could: would, should)
• Mnemonics - make up a sentence to help remember it (e.g. could – O U Lucky Duck; people – people eat orange peel like elephants)

Our phonics progression information for Reception and Year 1 can be found here: